Personal Understanding of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Being the...

Every element is valuable and unique due to the endless arrangements of sub-atomic particles, which fascinates me. This allows for a diversity of elemental properties, sparking innovation for chemists to develop new products from different tasting chocolates to materials used for rockets- shaping society and the environment of the modern world. The sheer range of applications where chemistry is involved inspires me to contribute, while learning, unlocking why everything behaves the way it does. With the hydrogen fusion project in construction and the recent use of hydraulic fracturing which has caused environmental and social dispute, I chose to undertake the extended project qualification related to this, energy, as chemistry leads these†¦show more content†¦Having read Phillip Balls ‘the elements’, Bill Brysons philosophical book ‘short introduction on nearly everything’ and a regular reader of chemistry review; I have encountered various topics and experiments that I would like to know more about, for example colloidal gold, the properties of this suspended gold, how this happens and its applications. Outside my academic ability I am passionate about music, playing the bass guitar and guitar. I have performed at school concerts presenting my creativity to large audiences. I have participated in sport days for high jump, cross country and 800m runs obtaining podium positions using hard work. I captain a 5 man team in the prestigious berry hall league (5 a side football) at school and we attempt to finish the season on top; I took the credit of being â€Å"the best signing of the season† last year. With the family or solo, I have travelled across Europe, Asia and America developing tastes for new food, understanding new cultures and apprehending to new environments. As the whole world is involved in Chemistry, my travel experiences will prove vital in working or studying, involving Chemistry, abroad. I have been employed, working as a co-secretary for a landscape architecture company. Dealing with memorandums, company’s purchase report and mainly helping with IT. From this, I obtained crucial communicational and presentational skillsShow MoreRelatedTesla Motors15249 Words   |  61 Pagescars by increase consumer demand 20% in 2015. The eco-friendly concept that Tesla promotes had a peculiar effect on our attention, making us eager to find out more about them. Also, getting information about Tesla means getting information about the future and this represents a big plus in our learning process. We also create a survey to asked 60 people who live in Denmark consist of 30 males and 30 female in difference status and income. 3. Research Question â€Å" How can Tesla increase the customerRead MoreTesla Motors15249 Words   |  61 Pagescars by increase consumer demand 20% in 2015. The eco-friendly concept that Tesla promotes had a peculiar effect on our attention, making us eager to find out more about them. Also, getting information about Tesla means getting information about the future and this represents a big plus in our learning process. We also create a survey to asked 60 people who live in Denmark consist of 30 males and 30 female in difference status and income. 3. 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Expansive Soil And Remedies Fly Ash And Lime

Question: Describe the Problems Associated With Expansive Soil And Remedies By Using Fly Ash And Lime. Answer: Introduction The problem of expansive soils has lived with geotechnical engineers since 1930. These kinds of soils are found in almost all the continents of the world. They include soils such as quick clays and collapsible soils. These soils are mostly common in arid regions of the world. However, recent research has shown that the soil has lately stretched to cover even the semi-arid parts (Chen, 2012, p. 56). The expansive soils make it tough for the construction of foundations, more so those of light structures. These soils are characterized by volume changes that result in the swelling or shrinking of the soils. Expansive soils exert upward pressure that is very detrimental to light structures. Massive capital investment is continuously spent across the world to repair the damaged structures (Fredlund, et al., 2012, p. 42). This project work intends to identify all the possible problems that are associated with the expansive soils. In addition, the project proposal further intends to provide a remedy to the problem by the use of fly ash and lime. An extensive list of proposals has in the past been suggested by geotechnical engineers (Sridharan, 2016, p. 23). After taking a keen look at all the suggestions that have been raised, it has been realized that the use of fly ash and lime would be the best solution to the problem. Several precautions have been taken into account in the process of coming up with the suggestion. Issues to do with soil and water pollution have all been taken into consideration in the process of coming up with the suggested remedy. The project proposal would hence provide a benchmark for geotechnical engineers and scholars across the world (Sridharan, 2016, pp. 23-27). Research question, goals, and sub-goals Expansive soil is a problem that has been experienced all across the world. It has caused structural damages very extensively. Regions that experience wet seasons that alternate with dry seasons have been rendered useless by the soils. This has happened to the continuous change of volume of the soils over the seasons. Floors of structures constructed on expansive soils have been prone to cracks that have substantially damaged the structures. Massive crack has also developed across basements of structures on the soils (Ghosh, 2014, p. 87). Walls of building constructed on the soils have also developed arches in the cases where there is no proper reinforcement. Cracks are also a common feature on roads that are built on expansive soils. Such roads are subjected to shrinkage of the soils. Canals, on the other hand, are subjected to erosions (Majeed, 2014). Their soils become soft and are finally swept away. The result is that the canals are washed away too. Swelling of walls have also b een reported in some areas where there are great soils The swellings have been caused by horizontal pressure that has been exerted against the walls, right from within the soils (Iyyunni, 2016, p. 34). Despite all the challenges that are brought about by the expansive soils, other factors should also be taken into account during the construction process. Many engineers have sometimes assumed structural defects to have resulted from expansive soils while thats not the actual cause of distress. It is a matter of the fact that expansive soils are one of the leading causes of cracks in most light structures. Other damages have also been reported in areas where there are expansive soils (Wilson, et al., 2009, p. 78). The damages include leaking and infiltration of water into basements, water pipe breakages during dry seasons, and sticking of doors and even windows. In most cases, the damages take places slowly and over a long period. The result is that buildings and other structures in the neighbourhood are damaged at varying periods. It, therefore, becomes tricky for people to prepare in advance so as to encounter the challenges. Geotechnical engineers have been challenged to seek for a lasting solution to the problems. This project proposal intends to provide a lasting solution to the problems of expansive soils that have lived with us for years (Fang, 2013, p. 37). After a long period of research, we have finally found a solution. The remedy would involve the use of fly ash and lime. The goal of the project proposal is to ensure that people who live in areas with expansive soils would be equally able to put up structures without any problem. It is quite unfair when people in some regions of the world have deprived the freedom that is enjoyed by people in other places. This project proposal, therefore, intends to promote equality among all the people who are living on the surface of the earth (Iyyunni, 2016, p. 97). There have been several attempts that have been undertaken by geospatial engineers to mitigate the effects brought about by expansive soils. The efforts have brought some positive impacts, though. They include landscaping, subsurface drainage and proper preparation of the soil. Landscaping minimized the impact of the problem by ensuring that the amount of water that get access to the surrounding of structures is greatly minimized. Landscaping involves the following of guidelines that outlines how plants that are located close to buildings should be watered. It also prohibits the planting of trees and flowers close to buildings unless they are those that would be watered through drip method. This precaution is taken because the plants tend to absorb a lot of water from the surrounding soils during dry weather. They would hence disrupt the structure of the expansive soils causing them to settle and interfere with structures (Al-Rawas Goosen, 2009, p. 91). Excessive soil moisture is also a major cause of structural damages in expansive soils. Geospatial engineers have hence resorted to the draining of the soils. Proper drainage of the soils that include surface moisture drainage, irrigation and snowmelt have been undertaken to mitigate the effects. Efforts have also been made to drain moisture that has already infiltrated into the ground. Ditches, trenches, and swales have been dug in the affected areas to help in the drainage purposes (John D. Nelson, 2015, p. 42). Underground drainage pipes have also been laid in some regions to collect infiltrated water. The Geotechnical engineers have also advocated for proper preparation of construction sites before any activity in the areas. This has been done by reducing the chances of swelling of the soils wherever they become wet. Despite all these efforts, the effects that are associated with expansive soils have continued to be a menace to people across the world. The efforts made so far have not brought a lasting and permanent solution. This project would improve on one of the suggestions that have been proposed and put into test by geospatial and geotechnical engineers. Feedback from people across the world has shown that ground preparation has been quite effective in the prevention of effects of expansive soils. This would hence provide some motivation and feasibility towards the development of the project. The process would replace the native soil in the areas with a fly ash and limestone mixture (Majeed, 2014, p. 56). The process would provide a kind of chemical treatment to the soils. T he chemistry of the soils would be substantially changed and become considerably less expensive. Theoretical content and Methodology Fly ash and lime contain calcium supplements. Treatment of expansive soils with the use of calcium oxide is a traditional method that has been used over the years. However, the project intends to make the treatment even better. Fly ash would be mixed with limestone and then incorporated into the expansive soils. Water would then be poured upon the mixture to settle the soil particles together. The treatment would bring about an instant impact on the grounds geotechnical properties (Chen, 2012, p. 45). There would be quick drying of the soils as well as its workability. The long term treatment of the soil through the method would promote strength, compressibility and the durability of the expansive soils. The lime-treatment would accomplish the following benefits; There would be increased soil particles allowing spontaneous infiltration of water underground. The process of flocculation-agglomeration would lead to the formation of flock. The Devoid ratio would hence be increased, enlarging the sizes of the particles. The increased devoid ratio provides a reflection of decreased dry density of the soils. Reduction in the plasticity index would be observed. Expansive soils would show a huge reduction when it comes to plasticity index. His would be as a result of the reduced liquid limit as well as increased plastic limit. The addition of lime and fly ash converts the expansive plastic soils into non-plastic. The fixation point of lime would be determined by the amount of lime that would be necessary for the expected values to be achieved. Nevertheless, the fixation point of the lime alone would not be able to generate the recommended strength. The reduced plasticity of the soil would be as a result of the changes like the soil (G. W. Wilson, 2009, p. 29). The application of fly ash and lime would lead to increased durability of the soil. The treated soul would be able to resist and withstand wet and dry cycles that come about as a result of the weather changes in the course of the year. We shall be able to establish the extent of the soils durability by carrying out strength test of the treated soils in varying conditions in the laboratory (Xu Huang, 2012, p. 111). A lime-treated soils experience decreased swelling and changes in volume. Extensive soils are problematic because of their swelling nature and constant changes in volume. Application of fly ash and lime plays a very significant role in ensuring that the plasticity of the soils is heavily reduced. The treated soil would develop higher fatigue strength. The fatigue strength is calculated based on the strength ratio of the soil. Lime contains calcium and is hence adamant. When it is incorporated into the soil, it makes the soil adamant. The strength that would be developed over some period after the treatment of the soil would result in a higher fatigue ratio (G. W. Wilson, 2009, p. 42). A laboratory workshop would be set to confirm the above-listed benefits further. This would verify the workability of the processes in varying extensive soils found in different parts of the world. Experimental set up There would be a laboratory experimental setup as well as field experimental setup. Our geospatial and geotechnical engineers would carry out several tests in the laboratory. The verified results would then be practically carried out in the fields where there are great soils. The locals and the entire members of the public would also be invited to witness the treatment processes. Despite the many advantages that are brought about by application of fly ash and lime, few limitations come along with the treatment of the soils. They include; The treatment process involves undesirable chemical reactions. The process of carbonation of lime and the reaction process between the sulphate salts in the expansive soils and the lime is quite deleterious. Soil distress may also result as a result of the reactions leading to disintegration. This, therefore, possesses a great threat to the entire treatment process which is involving and expensive at the same time (G. W. Wilson, 2009, p. 36). There is also a serious threat that is likely to arise when calcium ions from lime react with aluminium ions in the soil. The good information is that the limitations are not likely to be experienced in all the expansive soils. All the soils do not contain aluminium and sulphate ions. In addition, the limitations can be minimized if precaution is administered during the treatment processes. Our team of highly specialized professionals would carry out all the necessary recommended precautions during the treatment process. This would be done to ensure that the limitations are minimized as much as possible (Majeed, p. 37). Results, Outcome and Relevance Geotechnical engineers have in the past given the green light to the usage of fly ash and lime in controlling the problems that are associated with expansive soils (Chen, 2012, p. 36). By building our project on the result of their feasibility studies, we shall be able to further investigate the process (ProQuest, 2008, p. 51). Before the treatment of the expansive soils by the use of fly ash and lime, a traditional treatment process of the lands would be carried out. The process would be conducted in our laboratories to establish the extent of success when using the traditional method. The outcome of the result would be able to tell the relevance of the method. We would then be able to develop our intended project by building and expanding on the success of the traditional method of soil treatment. Project Planning and Grantt Chart The project planning would start by acquiring the necessary capital necessary to finance the entire the project. A large research laboratory would then be set up. Fly ash and lime would then be purchased. All the other relevant necessities necessary for the treatment of expansive soils would also be acquired. A qualified team of geospatial engineers would then be assembled to undertake the treatment process of sample expansive soils in the laboratory. Several tests would be carried out to determine the extent of success that would be expected once the project is implemented in the field. Once the engineers would be convinced that their objective has been achieved, the treatment process would be carried out in the expansive soils out in fields too. Quality assurance officer from the government ministry of lands would then be invited to monitor the quality of the comprehensive soil treatments. The soil treatment process would then be applied to the field in remote reach regions once the quality assurance officers have approved the entire process. The public as well would be educated on the need of treatment of the soils. In addition, they would be taken through the entire process of treating expansive soils and the limitations that are brought about by the treatment process. It would be important to incorporate the public from the neighbouring surrounding so that they can embrace the entire programs that are carried out within their community. There is a need to ensure that transparency would be observed during the entire process. The community members, the financiers of the project and any other interested persons would only appreciate the project if all the security and transparency measures are observed throughout the entire process. Project schedule Grantt Chart Activity Week1 21/10/2016 Week 2 (10 days) Week 3 Week 4 Week5 Week6 Week 8 Presentation of the project proposal Approval of the project proposal Establishment of the a laboratory Acquisition of fly ash and lime Carrying out of tests Expansive soil treatment in the laboratory Treatment of soils in the field Mobilising the public Educating the public on the need to treat the expansive soils Training the public on the processes involved on the treatment of soil User acceptance testing User training Implementation Conclusion Very many problems have been associated with expansive soils for a much extended period of time. The soils have made it almost impossible for the construction of structures. The structures have in most cases experienced cracks on their floors and walls. The affected people have been very unfortunate given that they have incurred a lot of capital investments in the setting up of the structures that have finally been destroyed by the soils. At the same time, it is very unfortunate to the people living in areas with great soils. The people have had to bear with the soil conditions in the areas whereas other fellow human beings live in areas where they are not faced with problems to do with the soil. The people in other areas of the world where there are no extensive soils have been able set up all kind of structures without any problem. There was hence need to come up with ways of ensuring that people who live on extensive soils are also able to construct structures, just like the people in other parts of the world where there are no great soils. There was hence the need to establish the remedies to the problems that are associated with expansive soils. Some remedies have so far been proposed and put into place by geospatial engineers. However, the proposed solutions have not fully solved the problems. There was hence need to seek for ways and means that would fully eliminate the problems that are associated with extensive soils. Based on the outcome of traditional treatment of the soils, it was discovered that improving the treatment process would make it more effective. This project proposal, therefore, builds on the results achieved from the traditional treatment method of expansive soils. The project uses fly ash and lime to treat and reinforce the soils. The resultant soil from the treatment process would have a good structure. It would allow for the construction of both light and heavy structures without any problem. The treated and reinforced soils would be able to support the structure while at the same time allowing infiltration of water into the ground. The controlled application of fly ash and lime is a remedy that has been tested and approved. It would hence be able to solve all the problems that are associated with expansive soils. References list Al-Rawas, A. A. Goosen, M. F., 2007. Expansive Soils: Recent Advances in Characterization and Treatment. s.l.:Taylor Francis,. Al-Rawas, A. A. Goosen, M. F., 2009. Expansive Soils: Recent Advances in Characterization and Treatment. s.l.:CRC Press,. Al-Rawas, A. A. Goosen, M. . F., 2009. Expansive Soils: Recent Advances in Characterization and Treatment. s.l.:CRC Press. Chen, F. H., 2012. Foundations on Expansive Soils. s.l.:Elsevier. Fang, H.-Y., 2013. Foundation Engineering Handbook. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media. Fredlund, D. G., Rahardjo, H. Fredlund, M. D., 2012. Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Ghosh, S. N., 2014. Advances in Cement Technology: Critical Reviews and Case Studies on Manufacturing, Quality Control, Optimization and Use. s.l.:Elsevier,. Iyyunni, C., 2016. Science Direct. Optimum Utilization of Fly Ash for Stabilization of Sub-Grade , pp. 3-7. Majeed, Z. H., n.d. Soil stabilisation using lime. Research gate, p. 2014. Manzanal, D. Sfriso, A. O., 2015. From Fundamentals to Applications in Geotechnics: Proceedings of the 15th Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 15 18 November 2015, Buenos Aires, Argentina. s.l.:IOS Prass. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Residential Slabs-on-Ground, 2009. The Design and Construction of Residential Slabs-on-ground: State of the Art. s.l.:National Academies,. Nelson, J. Miller, D. J., 2007. Expansive Soils: Problems and Practice in Foundation and Pavement Engineering. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Nelson, J. D., Kuo , C. C. Overton, D. D., 2015. Foundation Engineering for Expansive Soils. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Nelson, J. Miller, D. J., 2007. Expansive Soils: Problems and Practice in Foundation and Pavement Engineering. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. ProQuest, 2008. Moisture Movement Through Expansive Soil and Impact on Performance of Residential Structures. s.l.:ProQuest. Rhoddy, M. K., 2016. Expansive soil problems. Construction deffect assemlies, pp. 2-25. Sridharan, A., 2016. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, pp. 5-54. Wilson, G. W., Clifton, A. W. Barbour, S. L., 2009. The Emergence of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. s.l.:NRC Research Press. Xu, J.-M. Huang, P. M., 2012. Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Interfaces in the Earths Critical Zone. s.l.:Springer Science Business Media,. Yong, R. N., 2001. Geoenvironmental Engineering: Geoenvironmental Impact Management. s.l.:Thomas Telford.

Langston Hughes Biography

Langston Hughes was a human rights activist and a playwright who constantly led the revolution change against the segregation of the Negro in America. He is considered one of the most influential agitators for change in the social order in the history of activism in America. The poem highlights the plight of the Negro in the USA.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resilience From the poem, Hughes outlines the virtue of resilience. Resilience refers to the quality of resuming to your original form irrespective of how much you are pressed with issues. The racial segregation in America is a social phenomenon that no one would like to experience, it should elicit bad memories in any individual, but the persona simply says,† †¦.he laughs.† He seems to be unaffected by the racial discrimination that he is being subjected to, he simply dismisses it , even though we all know that such occurrences would make an individual bulge and assume a combatant attitude.(Rhynes 62) Patriotism Conventionally, anyone who gets treated wrongfully in an environment will be conditioned to deeply loathe such environment. A student battered in any high school will hate anything to do with high schools, despite the sub human treatment he gets from the fellow countrymen; he is still patriotic enough to proclaim his love for the same nation. In the last line, he claims authoritatively that â€Å"†¦I too am America.† He loves his country despite the ill treatment he is invariantly subjected to.Advertising Looking for essay on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hopefulness Perhaps, this is the most outstanding value that Hughes wanted to portray in his poem. In my opinion, it forms the primary trait of the persona. The author wanted to illuminate a ray of hope to the victims o f racial segregation. He outlines this throughout the poem. When he says that he eats and grows strong, the value of hope is portrayed, he is not easily broken disheartened, he looks forward for change, and so he says, â€Å"†¦Tomorrow, i will be at the table.† A hopeful person quotes the future, while a hopeless person drowns in disillusionment. (Rhynes 102) The persona however, looks forward for the brighter tomorrow. From the tone of the poem, it is very obvious that the future that he is waiting for will be much better than the present time. (Rhynes 11) He argues that his tormentors â€Å"will see how beautiful I am.† Use of â€Å"will† infers to a future tense meaning the persona is still keeping hope alive of better tomorrow. (Rhynes 64) The calmness he portrays in the poem is due to his hope for a free America. (Rhynes 66) Patience The persona is a very tolerant person. He is not belligerent at all, even though it is obvious that he is subjected to s urly conditions that undermine human dignity, he remains friendly to them, no wonder he says that â€Å"I laugh.† He also waits patiently for the outcomes of the future when he will be stronger and even â€Å"more beautiful.† Calmness and Tactfulness One would expect opposition from the persona to counter the oppressors, but he avoided the confrontation and instead remained calm. (Rhynes 33) He says that when sent to the kitchen, â€Å"he ate well†, he didn’t confront anybody but planned by eating well and â€Å"growing strong.† Eventually, he says that he’ll no longer be told to â€Å"eat in the kitchen,†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Langston Hughes Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Rhynes, Martha E.I, too, sing America: the story of Langston Hughes. Greensboro, N.C.: Morgan Reynolds, 2002. Print. This essay on Langston Hughes Biography was written and submitted by user Alberto Sloan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany

Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany Introduction United Arab Emirates (UAE) is located in the Gulf of Oman coast in the Middle East. UAE is a member state of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). GCC is an economic cum political organization founded by Arabs countries that border the Persian Gulf.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the 2012 GCC economic report, UAE was the second largest economy among the member states. The association further ranked UAE as the third largest economy in the Middle East. In the world ranking, UAE is rated as the 30th largest economy. UAE is said to be one of the fastest growing economy in the world. Tourism industry is the largest source of foreign exchange in the UAE. Export of natural gas and petroleum products plays a significant role in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Plans are underway to diversify UAE’s e conomy beyond tourism, energy and service industry (International Monetary Fund 2013). Germany is located in the central region of Western Europe. Germany is among the 17 countries that constitute the European Union (EU) member states. Just like GCC, EU is a Europe regional organization that facilitates political and economic interest of the region (Thompson 2013, p. 228). According the international monetary fund (IMF), German economy is the largest national economy in the entire Europe. In addition, German nominal GDP ranked fourth in the world ranking after United States (US), China, and Japan. The country further ranked fifth in terms of the GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2012 (International Monetary Fund 2013). Germany earns largest foreign exchange from exports. The exports include automobiles, chemicals, and machinery.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More H owever, the country imports a third of its power from other countries. German and UAE economies benefit largely from EU and GCC inter-regional trade. GCC and EU organizations have facilitated the trade by signed several economic agreements since (Braun 2012, p. 2005). Economic variables UAE and Germany economies can be well compared through macroeconomic variables and theories. Research asserts that macroeconomics provides the best analysis of country’s economy. Macroeconomics is best analyzed using the Output-Expenditure identity, Y=C+I+G+(X-M). Y is the GDP representing the total value of service and goods that a country produces annually. C is the consumer expenditure which represents the total value of services and goods customers buy annually. I represent the total business investment value. Finally, G represents the government spending. X represents the total export while M is the total value of imports annually. This is the annual purchases of all capital goods in a gi ven country. The Output-Expenditure identity leads to the circular flow of the economy. Y=C+I represent the fundamental economy of a country. The equation states that the total income of the country is equal to the total business investment and consumer spending (Dunn Mutti 2012, p. 85). Macroeconomics experts use the Output-Expenditure identity to explain economic variables. Economic variable is the statistical measure of the economic status. Therefore, there are three economic variables in the Output-Expenditure identity. The variables include Y (total output, or GDP), C (consumption), and I (investment). The fiscal economic policy defines GDP as the total purchases that government, businesses, and consumers of a country make within a year.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Analysis between UAE and Germany specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, the total consumption is a function of the citizen†™s disposable income. Income is the net personal income after the prevailing taxes. Therefore, government taxes influence the consumption rates in the economy. Finally, taxes are functions of the citizen’s income. Therefore, we can evaluate and compare economy of UAE and Germany based on the history of the total country income, consumption, investments, government and taxes. However, all these variables are usually involved in the calculation of the annual GDP growth rate and value. In summary, we can substantially analyze the economy of UAE and Germany by focusing on their annual GDP (Dunn Mutti 2012, p. 88). World development indicators (WPI) from 2003 to 2013 Germany Indicator 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 GNI/PPP $) 28120 29930 31470 34190 36150 37550 36500 38410 40190 41890 Population, total 82534176 82516260 82469422 82376451 82266372 82110097 81902307 81776930 81797673 81889839 GDP (current US$) 2.42381E+12 2.7263E+12 2.7663E+12 2.9027E+ 12 3.3238E+12 3.6237E+12 3.29864E+12 3.2845E+12 3.6008E+12 3.3996E+12 GDP growth (annual %) -0.37544394 1.16113261 0.68465566 3.7 3.26904532 1.08320105 -5.12702079 4.15774099 3.0288866 0.67144542 Life expectancy 78.3804878 78.6804878 78.9317073 79.1317073 79.5341463 79.7365854 79.83658537 79.9878049 80.7414634 _ Table 1 Germany WPI data (World Data Bank 2013). United Arab Emirates (UAE) Indicator Name 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 GNI per capita, PPP ($) 66140 68970 66620 64660 58380 51540 45050 41910 41980 _ Population, total 3369254 3658658 4148883 4875639 5797347 6798635 7718319 8441537 8925096 9205651 GDP (current US$) 1.2435E+11 1.4782E+11 1.8062E+11 2.2211E+11 2.5815E+11 3.1484E+11 2.70335E+11 2.87422E+11 3.4859E+11 _ GDP growth (annual %) 8.80054082 9.56643664 4.8551412 9.90619204 3.21324797 3.2946366 -1.60942968 1.81717227 3.87982931 4.36520899 Life expectancy at birth, (years) 75.1244878 75.3557317 75.5819512 75.800122 76.0112195 76.2 147561 76.41070732 76.59860976 76.781 _ Table 2 UAE WPI data (World Data Bank 2013). National Bureau of Statistics data Germany According to the German Federal statistical Office, GDP growth rate slightly improved in 2013. The office reported that GDP grew by 0.9 percent in the second quarter of 2013 compared to the same period in 2012. The federal annual report indicates that annual growth rate from 1992 to 2013 stands at 1.3 percent. The highest GDP growth rate was 5.2% in 2011, March.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the lowest GDP growth rate recorded was -6.8% in 2009, January. The growth is attributed to the contribution of various sectors that constitute the Germany economy (Trading economics 2013). Service sector is reported to contribute the highest income in the country at 18 percent. The most significant service industries include health, education, and public service. Accommodation, food industry, trade, hotels, and transport contributed 16 percent of the Germany’s GDP in the second quarter of 2013. Real estate industry and business contributed 11% and 10% respectively. Agriculture and other industries contribute the remaining 1% of the total GDP in the annual Germany income. Germany is the fourth largest national economy in the world. This prosperity is attributed to the large exports that Germany do annually. In that regard, exports contribute over 25% of the Germany’s national GDP annually. The following figure provides a graphical trend of the German y GDP growth rate. Figure 1 Germany GDP annual growth rate United Arab Emirates (UAE) National Bureau of Statistics, UAE reported a substantial GDP growth in 2012. The department reported a 4.4 percent GDP growth rate in 2012 compared to 2011. The Bureau articulated that average annual GDP growth rate of UAE was 4.6 percent from 2000 to 2012. The highest GDP growth was recorded in December 2006. On the other hand, the lowest GDP growth rate was -4.8 percent in 2009. The GDP growth rate in the past twelve years was as a result of improvement of various economic sectors. It is worth noting that the UAE GDP growth rate is fast. Very few countries register such growth and consistency in the national GDP growth rate. Figure 2 below shows the graphical representations of the UAE annual growth rate from 2003 to 2013. The Bureau asserts that the service industry contributes over 40 percent of the annual GDP. The most profitable segments in the service industry include: retail and wholesale trading (12 %); Business and real estate (9%); and warehousing, communication and transport (8%). Export of natural gas and oil contributes about 38% of UAE national income. 13% of the national GDP comes from distribution of gas, water, and electricity to the neighbouring countries. Manufacturing industry is said to contribute 8% of the annual GDP. The remaining 1% of the national GDP is contributed by agriculture and fishing industries (Trading economics 2013). Figure 2: UAE GDP annual growth rate Explanation of the economic data The International Monetary Fund (IMF) attributes the 2009 economic meltdown in the two countries to economic depression. IMF defines economic depression as the decline in economic growth in two consecutive financial quarters. IMF report indicates that aggregate demand (AD) represents Y in the Y=C+I+G+(X-M) equation. A fluctuation in any of these components results to the economic recession. Common causes of the recession include borrowing, less governmen t spending, and high taxes. This eventually reduces the disposable income hence fall in the real GDP. The adverse effect of AD fall results leads to the economic recession (International Monetary Fund 2013). In 2009, Europe experienced a severe economic recession. IMF asserts that the recession was caused by several economic constraints. Abrupt shortage of lending funds resulted to the credit crunch. Decline of the credit loans led to reduced credit availability and fall of housing prices. The fall was as a result of reduced mortgages and persistent credit crunch. In the beginning of 2009, the inflation rates escalated leading to decline disposable income in many EU countries. The condition resulted to loss of confidence to the financial sector across Europe. The confidence in the real economy led to the economic recession. The economic recession resulted to fall of international trade in Europe. This explains why there is GDP decline in both Germany and UAE in 2009 (International M onetary Fund 2013). Analysis Explanation of the economic variables The above tables show a detailed 10-year WPI data from the world data bank database. The table contains the annual GDP values, in dollars, from 2003 to 2012. The tables further provide the GDP growth rate in both countries by giving the percentage change from the previous year. This change is significant since it helps us evaluate the economic progress of both countries. In addition, the table provides the gross national income (GNI) of the two countries. Economic experts use the prevailing international dollar value to determine the GNI per PPP values of various countries for ranking purposes. Consequently, the GNI listed in terms of per capita PPP in dollars (EIU Country Analysis 2013). According to the 2011 World Bank GNI/PPP report, Germany ranked 16 while UAE ranked 15. This implies that UAE had higher income than Germany. GDP growth rate is the percentage change in the total production of a given country over a specified duration. The above WPI tabulations have included population details. Population growth rate is an important factor in the determination of the country’s GDP. The total population of the country is used in the calculation of the per capita income. In addition, the population is also used in the determination of the purchasing power parity and consumption rate. The more the population, the higher the consumption since every person in the population consumes goods and services daily (EIU Country Analysis 2013). From the table, it is clear that UAE population increased from 3,369,254 in 2003 to 9,205,651 in 2012. This translates to about 200% increase in population in a span of 10 years. Such high rate of population growth resulted to increased dependency ratio, increased pressure on social amenities and economic resource. Advantages of high population growth rate include increased local consumption, taxes, and investment. On the other hand, Germany population decline d from 82,534,176 in 2002 to 81,889,839 in 2013. This implies that Germany has experienced reduced population pressure (EIU Country Analysis 2013). Data analysis UAE economy is growing at very high rate. This paper earlier focused on how UAE’s population increased by over 300% in a decade. Despite high population growth rate, UAE recorded a GDP growth rate of 4.4% compared to 1.3% of Germany in 2013. On the other hand, German population declined over the same period. Economies argue that increased population is detrimental to the country’s economy. Therefore, it is expected that UAE GDP growth rate should decline following the effects of the increased population. Contrary, UAE GDP has a high growth rate for the last three years. This confirms the widespread speculation that UAE has the fastest growing economy in the world (EIU Country Analysis 2013). German GDP growth can be termed as stagnating. Given that the country is the fourth largest national economy for a while now, a better growth is expected. In addition, with fairly constant population for a decade, the GDP should be even better. However, Germany has recorded a slow growth of 0.9% in 2013 and 1.3% overall. Though this is economic growth, this is low for a country of such economic status. A slight decline in population should have improved the German GDP. Decline in population implies that German government had little spending on health and other social amenities. Furthermore, this means job opportunities of their citizens have been high. Decline in population means low population under the age of ten. Therefore, there is a low dependency ratio hence high disposable income among the citizens. Following these advantages, German should have a faster growth rate than now (EIU Country Analysis 2013). Comparative analysis Germany Germany GDP growth rate declined in 2009. This was as a result of the 2009 economic depression in Europe. Eurostat statistical office reported that poverty levels i n most part of Europe increased by approximately 2.5 percent from 2009 to 2011. This percentage translated to over 117 million citizens in Europe. The poverty level increase is associated with social transfers that took place during that period. Eurostat asserts that the most affected citizens were those earning a disposable income of less than 60%. The working group working for a total of less than 20% working hours were also subject to this condition (Braun 2012, p. 2020). Social transfer resulted to severe material deprivation. Eurostat defines material deprivation as the state of being unable to afford the four indispensable items in life. The four items include a car, daily balanced diet, rent, and a washing machine. The report reveals that the severely deprived people increased over 5% from 2009 to 2011. Severe deprivation leads to reduced purchasing power in the region. Germany Exports contributes over 25% of the annual National GDP. Therefore, social deprivation across Europ e must have affected the GDP from 2009 to 2011 as shown in the GDP growth rate graph in figure 1. Perhaps, Germany experienced reduced local consumption of the due to the same condition (Braun 2012, p. 2022). United Arab Emirates (UAE) UAE experienced fast GDP growth rate from 2003 to 2008. Earlier this paper stated that export of oil and natural gas contributes to 38% of the UAE’s annual GDP. Macroeconomic reports state that there was significant growth of the world prices of oil and natural gas from 2003 to 2008. This led to increment of UAE’s economy with over 145% to $261.4 billions. In addition, UAE embarked on economic diversification programs in the same period. Investment in other sectors like trade, real estate, transport and communication, and distribution of electricity and gas boosted UAE economy. This explains why UAE experienced the fastest GDP growth rate despite high population growth (EIU Country Analysis 2013). UAE GDP growth rate declined in 2009. Th is was mainly caused by the effects of the economic recession in 2009. Since UAE earned high GNI through export, global economic contraction in 2009 reduced the annual GDP in 2009. The economic recession led to reduced global prices of oil and natural gas. In addition, many EU countries that import energy products from UAE reduced their import quantities. This resulted to a sharp decline in the GDP growth rate. IMF reported that UAE annual GDP growth rate declined by 12% in 2009 alone. However, the growth rate improved in 2010 after economic recovery (International Monetary Fund 2013). From 2010 to present, UAE GDP growth rate has been on the rise. In 2010, UAE oil and natural gas exports gradually started increasing. This was due to the economic recovery in Europe following the severe 2009 recession. Through EU-GCC regional partnership, most EU economies increased their spending on natural oil and gas products. Furthermore, the international prices of oil and gas increased from 201 0. This resulted to increased UAE GDP growth rate at 1.8% (2010), 3.9% (2011), and 4.4% (2012). The 4.4% mark was the highest since 2006. Bureau statistics office reported that this was due to stable world oil prices. In addition, the office attributes the rise to the increased tourism and trade activities in Dubai, the state’s capital (EIU Country Analysis 2013). Trend Analysis Germany Despite slow GDP growth rate in the second quarter of 2013, the rate is predicted to continue growing. According to EIU, Germany US GDP is expected to hit 2.6% and 2.4% by 2014 and 2015 respectively. In addition, the OECD GDP is expected to increase from 1.1% to 2.2 by 2015. However, Eurostat postulates that there is a possibility of economic contraction by the end of this year. This might result to an increased number of severely deprived people in the European countries. As stated earlier, this might lead to reduced purchasing power of the region. Exports contribute the highest income in the Germany’s economy. Therefore, severe deprivation in Europe might result to reduced national GDP by the year 2015 (International Monetary Fund 2013). UAE The International Monetary Fund (IMF) postulates that UAE GDP might decline to 3.6% in 2013. However, the body reports that the growth is expected to grow to 3.7% (2014), 3.8% (2015), 3.5% (2016), 3.4% (2017), and 3.5% (2018). The report asserted that earning from both oil and non-oil sectors will grow significantly. However, the report noted higher growth in non-hydrocarbon sectors than in the oil sector. IMF attributed the growth forecast to increased government spending and foreign capital inflow. In addition, UAE is perceived as the safest country in the warring Middle East countries (International Monetary Fund 2013). UAE government is committed to maintaining fast GDP growth rate. Consequently, the government is currently under intensive economic diversification programs to supplement energy. UAE government has rolled out a $ 90 billion 5-year projects to construct a new city. This city will host about 100 international hotels and the world’s largest shopping mall. The city will be the best tourist destination in the world. In addition, Dubai has one of the largest airports in the world. Its strategic locations have and will continue attracting most international stopover for flights. The government is planning to take advantage of the airport to establish the world trading centre in its capital. At this rate, UAE will soon be one of the largest national economies in the world (International Monetary Fund 2013). References Braun, H 2012, German Economy in the Twentieth Century, Routledge, London. Dunn, M Mutti, J 2012, International Economics, Routledge, London. EIU Country Analysis 2013, Country Report Germany 21 Oct 2013. Web. EIU Country Analysis 2013, Country Report UAE 21 Oct 2013. Web. International Monetary Fund 2013, Germany 2013 Article IV consultation, International Monetary Fun d, Washington, D.C. International Monetary Fund 2013, United Arab Emirates 2013 Article IV consultation, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Thompson, W 2013, Western Europe 2013 (32nd ed.), Stryker-Post Publications, Lanham, Maryland. Trading economics 2013, Annual GDP growth rate. Web. World Data Bank 2013, World development indicators. Web.

The Secret Powers of Food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Secret Powers of Food - Assignment Example If we delve into the root of the issue, we will find out that food plays a huge role in people’s lives and its impacts on their outlooks and beliefs are impressing. To justify this, I have conveyed an interview. My interviewee is Mr. Wilson, the father of my neighbor, he is 47 years old. The man was glad to share his life experience and food story with me. I have come up with some interesting ideas, based on the information given by my interviewee and the book Toast: The Story of a Boy’s Hunger by Nigel Slater. As a result, I strongly believe that food helps people to socialize, to show one’s affection, it evokes memories, shapes one’s lifestyle and attitude to culture. To begin with, food has become an integral part of social life. It may sound like nonsense, but food plays an enormous role in socialization between people. If we think about any occasion which implies gathering of people, we probably will not come up with any example that would not include food. Every celebration, holiday, date and even some official meetings always include some sort of ingestion – lunch, dinner or a pair of cocktails. Possible reasons for it may be that by means of food people interact nonverbally. It brings interlocutors together and helps them to relax and communicate freely. With the help of food a positive atmosphere is created which provides a beneficial outcome of any meeting. Furthermore, we may claim that food is a way of showing one’s love and care. It is through food that every mother shows her children how much she cares about them. I’ve interviewed my neighbor’s father, Mr. Wilson, and he told me what food meant to him and to his family. When he was a child, Mr. Wilson used to live in a city, but his weekends and summer holidays he spent at his granny’s, in the suburbs. There was a little farm there with plenty of fruit and vegetables and some domestic animals, such as chickens, geese and a few pigs. His  grandmother always tried to show her affection to her beloved grandchild by means of food.

Cellular pathology critical review assignment Essay

Cellular pathology critical review assignment - Essay Example ules A and B, which present viral peptides to the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, thereby avoiding their clearance from the body which leads to establishment of infection and later malignancy. For the in vitro study immortalized human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, primary bovine PalF cells and NIH 3T3 cell lines which expressed the HPV-16 E5 protein was used and some NIH 3T3 expressed HPV-6 E5. After subsequent culture, suitable immunological assays were carried out to detect the presence and localization of the MHC class I molecules in these cells. While in the control cell lines MHC molecules were localized both in the cell surface and within the GA, in the HPV-16 E5 expressing cells the molecules were found exclusively in the GA. The study also showed that HPV-16 E5 did not affect the synthesis of MHC molecules unlike BPV E5 and that the expression of the E5 protein did no affect the transporter protein responsible for the transport of MHC molecules. To determine the effect of interferon , all the cell lines were treated with interferon ÃŽ ², which resulted in all the cell lines having similar levels of MHC molecules and also the molecules were found on the cell surface in the E5 expressing cell lines thus proving that the inhibition on transport of MHC molecules is reversed upon treatment with interferon. The study also noted that E5 did not down regulate the expression of HLA-C and E, involved in inhibiting NK cell-mediated lysis. The two most striking limitations observed is: the study was carried out in vitro and in vivo reproducibility needs to be ascertained and secondly, the detection of the E5 protein was carried out by RT-PCR rather simpler techniques. The two major strengths include: this is the first paper to show the immune evasion mechanism by the HPV E5 protein and the cell lines used are a good model for understanding the mechanism and finally, the study explores the gene level expressions involved in the down regulation process of the MHC molecules. In

Motivational factors on the employee’s commitment Essay Example for Free

Motivational factors on the employee’s commitment Essay Today’s organizations and companies want their enterprise to be around in the future, successful and sustainable; avoiding the risk of performance or any negative effect. They consist of employees known as personnel that turned into human resources. Some of the major factors shaping the outcome are the quality that you hold: if employees are the right people; how the manager could keep it up; how they can be motivated for good performance. Motivation is a necessary tool for management or leadership providing a reason to employees to perform in a certain way. In addition, the essay will include the academic background of motivation theories as that of Herzberg, Maslow, Adams and Vroom. Setting goals is an essential motivating process and has been the focus of recent research and theory on work motivation (Locke and Latham, 1990). Thus, examples would be provided for further and practical explanation of theories, as the cases of Starbucks, Freese and Nichols (FNI) and Apple’s iPhone. At the start of the 20th century fundamental theories of motivation are presented, models about what motivates workers and their responses. Several theories of motivation try to analyze and estimate who wants, what and why. This is the reason why the theories of Herzberg, Maslow, Adams and Vroom have implications on the contemporary business. First, the bigger portion of Herzberg is that he developed the motivation –hygiene theory, which believes that there are many factors that workers could be motived. Byhese factors generate satisfaction and dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg (1959) accomplishment, the work itself, responsibility, growth and recognition, and company policies, work  conditions, supervision including relations with peers and management, salary causing respectively the two different distinctions. Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction portrait two different human needs driven by salary to purchase shelter and food and by actions leading to grow and attain (Herzberg, 1987). However, job satisfaction does not imply always-high level of productivity or excellence of motivation response. Practicing in business, the challenge at work is to raise the utility of ability of employee leading to the growth of responsibility levels. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory and Maslow’s are the main theories of motivation. Continuing with Maslow’s model, Maslow classifies the human needs and examines how the classifications are connected to each other. A person starts at the bottom level, where they try to satisfy basic needs (food and house). When the needs have been fulfilled, there are no longer a motiving force and the individual goes to the next stage. Moving on the rest hierarchy; we can recognize safety needs (loss or protection against unemployment), social needs (communication, teamwork), esteem needs (human to be accepted and valued by others, respect from others) and self-actualization (how people think about themselves) (Maslow, 1954). If the management can find which level of need each employee expects, they can then decide corresponding rewards. Besides, one of the most relevant process theories of motivation is Adams’ Equity Theory. According to Adams, the theory argues the comparison of employee’s job input and outcome and also the same with that of other person at the same level (Mowday, 1991). Adam identified inputs as characteristics (age, sex, education, social status) that guide individual to ‘’social exchange’’ for an effort. Outcomes are specified as the benefits, the rewards or privileges (money, work duties, better status, power, authority). The employee is not moved to an action when there is a balance between inputs and outcomes, because they are already satisfied and equality exists. However, if the individual notices that the ratio of outcome/input is less than that of expected, then inequality exists and motivation forces start to build up the lost equity. It should be noted that there are two main different ways to restore the equity. Either the individual might choos e higher outcome based on their lower inputs, or reduce the inputs in relation  to the same outcome (Adams, 1965). The actual purpose is the equality between input and outcome. Therefore, inequality could be when the employee is either over-rewarded or under-rewarded (Fok et al, 2000). It was initially proposed in the early 1960s the Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom, which premises the significance of motivation. The theory tries to examine why individuals choose specific behavior or action. According to Vroom (1964), there are three central components; Expectancy (effort leading to a particular level of performance); Instrumentality (that performance will lead to outcomes); Valence (the value that the individual places on the outcome). Droar (2006) suggests that for a person to be motivated the key elements must be linked. Otherwise, Porter and Lawler (1971) argue that Expectancy theory needs to be updated, because it includes some flaws. For example, an employer gives a reward, such as a promotion or financial bonus hence the employees will bonus their productivity to gain the reward. However, this only works if the employees believe the reward is favora ble to their actual needs. Apple is a company that can be used to exemplify the theory of Herzberg. Behind Apple and the design of products by employees is the psychology of extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics driven by the question ‘’Will I enjoy using this product myself? ‘’. The extrinsic motivation is based on rewards for executives by giving them 3%-5% bonus of their salary. Next, all Apple employees receive discounts on products or they might receive free iPhone or iPad if they are on the developing team (Issaacson, 2011). This is more efficient than the increase of the salary as long as they see in front of their eyes the results of the effort, but also it is cheaper for Apple. In addition, intrinsic motivation is driven by corporate culture. Employees are weightily committed to their job, as ‘’monotonous encoding’’ that they enjoy it (Issaacson, 2011). The culture of Apple was forced by Steve Job. What motived him to follow his dream and his heart was the passion, creating innovative products based on enjoying using himself rather than to bring profits to Apple. The core principles for this are: Do something direct for your life; Get better and better at something that matters; There is no reason not to follow your instinc ts and your heart, nothing to lose (Awareness of his death) ; Understand that you live only once. Apple is a company that works and thinks outside the box helping people to change the world (Gladwell,2011). Furthermore, Freese and  Nichols (FNI) is a practical example of expectancy theory. FNI is the first engineering/architecture firm to receive this honour. Employees are trained to improve quality in the work and seminars and FNI University training offered by the company. Workers have the authority to work on their own. In 2010 FNI gained the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. In addition, Starbucks Corporation, the most famous chain of coffee shops in the world, attracts customers for its quality and the good value for money while the prices are high. Beyond, the employees are also satisfied. Major motivational principle of king of coffee is the equity, meaning how fair the employees are treated by the employers during their work (Economist.com , 2009). For Starbucks employees are partners, not just employees, giving them valuable knowledge and training and providing them with rewards and benefits. Besides, Starbucks offer a creative and excellent work place, as part of ethics program, where the company treats its ‘’partners’’ with respect and prestige. Motivation theories should be examined in a deeper and macro level. Firms corporate operate and have subsidiaries in different countries, where there are different employees around the world with different cultures and values. It is complicated for an organization to motivate different cultures, for the reason why each has different temperament and the ranking of needs differs among cultures. The motivation to work differs across cultures and this could be illustrated the following example. In countries where there is high risk of economic failure the reward of success is low, like Greece, where there is an enthusiasm for work because the deep recession. Great enthusiasm for work could be found when high uncertainty of outcome combined with positive reward (Triandis,1982). To conclude, according to the background theories, personal goals are contributing to the developing of human behavior. They are used by individuals to monitor, to modify and evaluate their behavior. Generally speaking, motivation can be preferential and selective aspect of particular behavior. It should be understood that motivation is important for the explanation of force toward a particular behavior or action. Vroom’s expectancy theory also places emphasis on the importance of motivation in the explanation of why people choose a particular action or behavior. Managers’ responsibility is to inspire, empower, envision and motivate employees for the fulfillment of their needs based on the different cultural  background. References Adams, J. (1963) Towards an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 p.422-436. Adams, J. (1965) Inequity in social exchange . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press. Droar, J. (2006) Expectancy theory of motivation. Economist.com (2009) Woke up, smelled the coffee. [online] Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/14536977 [Accessed: 23rd October 2012 ]. Fok, L. et al. (2000) Human factors affecting the acceptance of total quality management. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 17 (7), p.714-729. Freese and Nichols Website (2010) Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Report. [online] Available at: http://www.freese.com/sites/default/files/Malcolm%20Baldrige%20Service%20Sheet.pdf. Gladwell, M. (2011) The Tweaker: The Real Genius of Steve Jobs. New York:. Herzberg, F. (1987) One more time:How do you motivate employees. Harvard Business Review, 65 (5), p.109-120. Herzberg, F. et al. (1959) The Motivation of work. 2nd ed. Barbara B. Snyderman:. Isaacson, W. (2011) Steve Jobs. New York: Simon and Schuster. Locke, E. and Latham, G. (1990) A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. Prentice Hall: Englewood, NJ. Maslow, A. (1954) Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row New York, p.91-93 , 256. Mowday, R. (1991) Motivation and work. New York: McGraw-Hill. Porter, L. and Lawler, E. (1968) Managerial Attitudes and Performance. Homewood: IL:Richard D. Irwin Inc. Triandis, H. (1982) Cross-Cultural Management :Conceptual Analyses. International Studies of Management and Organization, 12 (4). Vroom, V. (1964) Work and Motivation. New York: John Wiley and Sons.